Students at the Hedwig Hagemann school in Hamburg, performing group movements nude outdoors and indoors, 1926, photographed by Gerhard Riebecke (1879-1957) and Olga Linckelmann (1886-1957). Photo source: Hedwig Hagemann, Über Körper und Seele der Frau, Leipzig: Grethlein, 1927, plates 61 and 62.
A slightly different version of this essay appears in John Bowlt and Guilia Gelmi (eds.) Festschrfit for Nicoletta Misler, Milan: Electa, 2026, 253-261.
Karl Toepfer 